Conversation Analysis Definition and Examples

In sociolinguistics, conversation analysis—also called talk-in-interaction  and  ethnomethodology—is the study of talk produced in the course of ordinary human interactions. Sociologist Harvey Sacks (1935-1975) is generally credited with founding the discipline. Adjacency Pairs One of the most common structures to be defined through conversation analysis is the adjacency pair, which is a call and response type of sequential utterances spoken by two different people. Here are some examples: Summons/Answer Can I please get some help over here?Ill be right there. Offer/Refusal Sales clerk: Do you need someone to carry your packages out?Customer: No thanks. Ive got it. Compliment/Acceptance Thats a great tie youve got on.Thanks. It was an anniversary present from my wife. Observations on Conversation Analysis [C]onversation analysis (CA) [is] an approach within the social sciences that aims to describe, analyze and understand talk as a basic and constitutive feature of human social life. CA is a well-developed tradition with a distinctive set of methods and analytic procedures as well as a large body of established findings... At its core, conversation analysis is a set of methods for working with audio and video recordings of talk and social interaction. These methods were worked out in some of the earliest conversation-analytic studies and have remained remarkably consistent over the last 40 years. Their continued use has resulted in a large body of strongly interlocking and mutually supportive findings.From Conversation Analysis: An Introduction by Jack Sidnell The Aim of Conversation Analysis CA is the study of recorded, naturally occurring talk-in-interaction. But what is the aim of studying these interactions? Principally, it is to discover how participants understand and respond to one another in their turns at talk, with a central focus on how sequences of action are generated. To put it another way, the objective of CA is to uncover the often tacit reasoning procedures and sociolinguistic competencies underlying the production and interpretation of talk in organized sequences of interaction.From Conversation Analysis by Ian Hutchby and Robin Wooffitt Response to Criticisms of Conversational Analysis Many people who take a look at CA from the outside are amazed by a number of superficial features of CAs practice. It seems to them that CA refuses to use available theories of human conduct to ground or organize its arguments, or even to construct a theory of its own. Furthermore, it seems unwilling to explain the phenomena it studies by invoking obvious factors like basic properties of the participants or the institutional context of the interaction. And finally, it seems to be obsessed with the details of its materials. These impressions are not too far off the mark, but the issue is why CA refuses to use or construct theories, why it refuses interaction-external explanations, and why it is obsessed with details. The short answer is that these refusals and this obsession are necessary in order to get a clear picture of CAs core phenomenon, the in situ organization of conduct, and especially talk-in-interaction. So CA is not a-theoretical but it has a different conception of how to theorize about social life.From Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Guide by Paul ten Have Other Resources Adjacency PairArgumentAsymmetry (Communication)Broken-Record ResponseConstructed DialogueConversationConversational GroundingConversational Implicature and ExplicatureConversationalizationCooperative OverlapCooperative PrincipleDialogueDirect SpeechDiscourse AnalysisDiscourse DomainDiscourse MarkerEcho UtteranceEditing TermIndexicalityMinor SentenceNonverbal CommunicationPausePhatic Communication and Solidarity TalkPoliteness StrategiesProfessional CommunicationPunctuation EffectRelevance TheoryRepairShort AnswerSpeech ActStyle-ShiftingTurn-Taking Sources Sidnell, Jack. Conversation Analysis: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010Hutchby, Ian; Wooffitt, Robin. Conversation Analysis. Polity, 2008​OGrady, William et al. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Bedford, 2001ten Have, Paul. Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Guide. Second Edition. SAGE, 2007

The Benefits Of Emerging Education Technology - 819 Words

Currently, only 5% of schools use VR, but is subject to change because of the increasing demands of these units(Emerging Education Technologies). It is certain that this technology will excite children and students to learn new subjects by giving them the opportunity to explore unfamiliar locations, being introduced to future occupations one may pursue, and visually allowing the student to see, and experience, a hands on approach in classes (Staff, TeachThought). Giving students the option to virtually travel to places they have never been before is an enormous benefit because very few people in the world are able to physically see any part of the world of their choosing. VR brings the capability to discover new areas for free. With†¦show more content†¦By using this equipment, schools would also save money by not having to repeatedly buy lab materials. Like science, another subject that would be aided by VR, is history. It would be impossible to reverse time and watch histo ry be made without VR. VR would be suitable for these situations because the user would be able to watch a battle unfold, walk through a colony that will eventually turn into a great city, tour a prehistoric ship as it is sailing across the ocean and many other historical events. The possibilities are endless with VR because it makes it possible to simulate any idea imaginable, while imputing a source of entertainment as well. The entertainment value of VR is endless. A few choices from the vast selections associated with this technology is: walking through informative museums, playing immersive video games while communicating to people that are far distances apart from each other to converse(VR Application in...). The main purpose VR contributes to is allowing enjoyers to virtually move around inside a museum for free. Also, when children go to a museum they are easily bored because they are not interested in reading factual information. When implemented with VR, however, youth cha racterize the virtual environment as a game and are more motivated to learn new material. This process isShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits and Challenges of Emerging Technologies in Distance Education641 Words   |  3 PagesI decided to research the benefits and challenges of emerging technologies in distance education for interaction and collaboration. The first report I read was written by Dr. Michael G. Moore, Web 2.0: Does It Really Matter? In this editorial Dr. Moore discusses emerging technologies and how they are â€Å"being adopted voraciously by â€Å"digital natives† who have grown up with the Internet. 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A Year Down Yonder Free Essays

A year Down Yonder is about a girl named Mary Alice who goes to live with her Grandma in a small town with only her cat Bootsie and her potable radio that she says is her last touch with the world. This chapter is called Rich Chicago Girl. Mary Alice gets off a train from Chicago. We will write a custom essay sample on A Year Down Yonder or any similar topic only for you Order Now After they leave the station Grandma enrolls her into school on the first day she arrives! Mary Alice sits next to Mildred Burdick who Grandma says to stay clear of but gets into deep trouble with and her horse ends up losing her horse and having to walk miles to get home. And that’s the end of this chapter. The 2nd chapter is Vittles n’ Vengeance. It was Halloween time in grandma’s town which meant pranks going for weeks and half the privies are going to be on the ground be the time Columbus Day is over. There was a letter sent out from the school saying there is going to be a party and to bring refreshments. The first prank that had happened to them was when they put twine around her tail and put a can at the end. Grandma made a horrid smelling glue to use on the pranksters and we set off to make a trap, we waited in the cob house for the pranksters to come and when they did they fell over the wire and the leader got glue on his head and he fell on his nose and lost his knife.We went to old man Nyquist’s house for pecans but he says we can only have pecans off the ground so grandma drives his tractor into the tree so pecans would fall! They also went into the Pensingers backyard to take some pumpkins! At the party Grandma served pumpkin and pecan pies and when Augie Fluke came for some grandma saw Augie with his broken nose, his scabbed bald head, and served him with his own knife. And that’s the end of this chapter. The name of this chapter is A Minute in the Morning. This chapter is about Armistice Day and of the turkey shoot.At the turkey shoot the woman are selling burgoo and the men are practicing shooting turkeys. Grandma tries to make the richer people pay more and let the poor people not have to pay at all. All the money is said to go to charity and this year Miss Abernathy is the charity. At a certain time in the day everyone put their hand over their heart, stood east, and thought about the people who died for us. That was the end of their day. The 4th chapter is Away in a manger. It is Christmas time in grandma’s town and the school is going to do a Christmas program at the church.Grandma and Mary Alice went out to trap fox but even though Mary Alice doesn’t like the trapping and the screams of the fox she doesn’t want Grandma alone. Mary got the part of Mary for the Christmas program. During the Christmas program the baby Jesus screams, but it’s supposed to be a doll, the baby is a Burdick. Joey came to visit for Christmas! They had a great Christmas. Hearts and Flour is the name of this chapter. It starts out with Mrs. Weidenbach asking Grandma to make cherry tarts for the DAR because Washington birthday tea.There is going to be a valentine exchange at the school and there is also a new boy named Royce and everyone has a little crush on him. The next day when Mrs. Weidenbach comes again Grandma says that the party has to be at her house or she can by some cherry tarts. At the valentine exchange Ina-Rae got three more valentines than anyone else and one of them is from Royce and that makes Carleen go ballistic. At the party Grandma is really dressed up and Mrs. Willcox and Aunt Mae Grizzwald were there. When everyone was there it turned into a disaster because Mrs. Weidenbach found out that she is a Burdick!That’s the end of that chapter. A Dangerous Man is the 6th chapter. It is March and Mary Alice is 16 and she got a dollar from her mother. One day Bootsie showed Mary Alice her kitten and Mary Alice named it April. A man came by one day and asked if he could rent a room and Grandma charged him $2. 50 a day! Mary Alice wanted Royce to come over to â€Å"study† math together and he said OK. When he got there they heard a scream from the attic and out came Maxine Patch with only a snake around her and a flower in her hair and then Royce left. That was a crazy chapter. Finally my favorite chapter Gone With the Wind.School is almost out and out of nowhere the siren on the water tower went off and Mary Alice didn’t know what was happening. Everyone was heading towards the basement Mary Alice saw Grandma and had to make sure she was ok. They were both inside and Grandma told Mary Alice to go to the south west corner and we were both sitting down when Grandma let go of Bootsie and April. Grandma said that after Mary Alice leaves she’s going to turn it into a rooming home. That’s the end of that chapter. The last chapter is Ever After. When Royce and Mary Alice get married at Grandma’s house. They lived happily ever after. How to cite A Year Down Yonder, Papers

Incorporation of Sustainability in Operation Management †Samples

Question: Discuss about the Incorporation of Sustainability in Operation Management. Answer: Purpose Sustainable Operation Management involves the efficient management of resources during the OM process (Zahir, 2014). This is the use of environment friendly approaches in all processes. The supply chains, procurement, logistics and other stages of operation require strategies that deal with environmental concerns such as reductions in the carbon factor. OM is a continuous process and the increasing consumer demands often lead to the realization that natural resources in the world have limitations. If every operation uses these resources on a daily basis, it threatens their existence. Further studies reveal that operations, which have an effective plan, strategize using the most competent models of operations. One of these strategies is the lean approach, which involves saving money, resources, and time by reducing the processes(Douflou, et al., 2012). The popularity of this approach has led to its use in the manufacturing sector and service industries. It has principles which emphasi s on a continuous process. The growth of OM as a practice continues to evolve over time capturing more elements. The quest to understand OM has led to different models of sustainable performance. This essay tries to understand the connection between sustainability and the lean principles using joint benefits(Rich Piercy, 2014, p. 304) Key Questions of the Article The article agrees that there is a continuous change in the lean and sustainability approaches. It touches on previous research into the two highlighting a common relationship. With specific reference to the connection between the lean supply chain and sustainability, the article agrees that the two concepts support environmental effect issues. It goes further to discuss the importance of sustainability in lean processes in monitoring supplies creating transparency, implementation strategies, and work force or community relations. The article raises questions of how the terms relate with each other, how to integrate them for mutual gain and economic benefits. It looks at the green aspects of the lean(Rich Piercy, 2014, p. 282) while giving suggestions of its improvement. Most Important Aspect of the article The research article delves into the concept of OM using the lean theory and sustainability. The discussion breaks down the concepts of cost effectiveness and sustainability by identifying its common elements. In a business environment where innovation and market competition rule, organizations incorporate different elements in OM in order to gain best practices. Hassini Surti (2012) agree that metric measurment of Operations provides definitive factors by which theorists can use to define the most effective method. There are theories focusing on industry strategies while others target specific decisions made by organizations. Stakeholders in a supply chain may adopt a unified approach in order to reduce on costs and time. In some cases, customer satisfaction and value addition drive the approach taken. The article brings ways for targeting specific processes through life cycles that analyze gaps in each section. The popularity of the lean principles in the supply chain confirms the connection between sustainability and the lean process because both have similar elements(Govindan, et al., 2017). The key concepts in this analysis are value, operation capabilities, cost, timelines, and management of resources. It defines the process for value creation, forecasting, and inventory using the most effective logistics. Collier Evans (2014, p. 1) define OM as a scientific and artistic approach for the successful delivery of products and services. This supports the article idea of incorporating sustainability without strategy. The optimization of resources defines the performance of an undertaking. It is possible to determine whether a process achieved its goals by measuring the economies of scale. Modern operating systems comprise of technology systems for important elements such as quality, supply chain, and process selection. The article suggest the lean approach, which has a definition for value, waste management and efficiency. Therefore, it is a strategy in itself. The article defines the lean ideology as the use of less in doing more. It translates this to sustainability within the operations(Rich Piercy, 2014, p. 282). Developing management operations using strategies such as the lean systems reduces constraint within the logistics, operations and customer levels. The supply and demand para meters tend to influence production but without proper capacity and facilities or an appropriate framework, this becomes a challenge. The lean principles explain the emergence of China as an economic giant because of its adoption in the business and manufacturing industries(Mckinsey, 2016). Main Inferences and concepts The reasons behind the growth of sustainable production is within the performance metrics. Stakeholders in the business environment recognize its impact across all processes (Esty Winson, 2012, p. 65). The article describes the best approach to the utilization of resources ensures that the economic factors of production do not exhaust the inputs. In logistics, industries and organizations that have a high competitive edge require effectiveness in the management of inventory, supply chains, and safety (Moledena, 2011). The paper looks at performance as an environmental factor and a workplace issues that bring out improvement activities. These are community engagement, information systems integration, changes in strategy, reduction and policy deployment(Rich Piercy, 2014, p. 298). From these factors, only the community and reduction aspects may appear in sustainability. However, the connection between organizational functions makes operations, marketing and financial issues connected . The lean process addresses money issues, wastage in production, inefficient movements, defects, and over processing of goods or waiting in services. However, it does not touch on quality, which is an important part of customer satisfaction. Performance often translates to tangible and perceived benefits. Among these are price reduction, product benefits and customer experience. In a value chain analysis, the value creation may occur within the preproduction as well as the postproduction process. Sustainability and lean may have mutual benefits in managerial strategies but there are challenges its application in certain industries (Rich Piercy, 2014). As an ethical principle, sustainability requires commitment and vision in order to succeed. Operation Management functions involve forecasting, supply management, facility design, technology choice, quality management and purchasing. Sustainability affects all these areas but may fail if stakeholders fail to take an initiative. The article points to the benefits of lean in ensuring that there are returns in form of savings and higher output. Performance needs a standard measure which sustainability does not define in totality. The concept of value relates to the customer benefits and lean may improve the quality through technological advancements. Some customers may not feel the impact of a sustainability plan by an organization. However, the lean principles may translate value through cost reduction as seen in the Toyota produ ction and innovation example(Mesaharu, et al., 2013). This makes a difference between a supply chain process and value chain process. Competent organization decentralize value chains across the processes and the lean process helps to facilitate its creation. This is through minimal costs for improved profits and customer benefits. Sustainability comes in to add the human value or welfare to the process. Assumptions Although Rich Piercy ( 2014, p. 306) insist on mutual compatibility between lean and sustainability, lean is not always agreen approach. Industries in the oil and plastic manufacturing may use the lean approach of using less yet its outcome in gas emissions and release of products in the enviornment is destructive to the environment. The use of inputs verses outputs to measure OM factors differentiates these elements. Besides, some operations such as the transport industry and multinational operations are complex hence require a multifaceted approach. In this case, some stakeholders or departments may succeed with the lean process while others require maximum inputs. Future challenges caused by competitiveness in the manufacturing sector highlight challenges in the implementation of change (Pons Pearce, 2013). When organizations innovate, new practices, structures, tools and techniques come into play. This process is expensive because it might lead to the costly replacements. The a rticle agrees that the application of the lean process and sustainability is effective in manufacturing. However, industries like technology may face challenges using them. Organizations keep changing the leadership and culture in order to provide support for sustainable approaches. Lean principles are effective in the management of tangible products but it has limits in leadership and employee strategies. The article leaves out the Six Sigma is a Total Quality approach, which compliments the lean process(Pacheco, et al., 2015). It feels the gap left by lean in the improvement of products through value creation. It provides the quality standards for classifying processes based on the level of achievement of perfection. The other method left out in the total elimination of wastes is The Just in Time approach. This creates specific approaches to inventory for the highest reduction in costs(Nagano, et al., 2015). All these processes target sustainability and may not fully fulfil their potential independently. An integrative approach is more appropriate because of growing industry and customer needs (Leng Jiang, 2017). JIT, Six Sigma and Lean have the same purpose- to reduce waste and provide the best value for customer satisfaction. They advocate for sustainability, which is about the human factor that involves production with a human factor. It involves the intangible element such as th e customer benefit package (CBP) while lean is useful in both products and service industries. In contemporary organizations, there are numerous challenges. These include technology changes, management of globalizations and the dynamic consumer behavior. Strategic MO is about optimization of resources for the most convenient outcome. Conclusion and Recommendations In conclusion, Sustainability and Lean are both OM concepts. The former is a value principle, which has numerous connotations. On the other hand, Lean is a value strategy for creating efficient OM and it is restricted to reduction of wastes and costs. Despite the difference in conceptualization, Rich Piercy (2014) agree that the two mutually support each other. However, it is clear that quality management in OM is difficult to address using simple approaches. The complex nature of organizations, value chains and stakeholder relationships raises doubts about the ability of the tow in ensuring total quality in an operation. Modern OM is about creating a competitive edge in a centralized or decentralized system. This calls for a grasp on customer needs, expectations and standards of value. In order to achieve this, lean helps to leverage the capabilities of an organization. The customer expects value, quality, timely products or services, innovativeness and flexibility. Sustainability justifies the means of the OM plan. It helps to maintain the framework for processes and non-processes. Therefore, sustainability and lean relate with each other through the same dimension but there is an overlap and difference in outcomes. Used as performance metrics, the two have environmental and economic benefits for different OM industries. From the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of lean and sustainability, it is clear that the global organizations are changing. Putting up with technology changes means changes in OM approaches. Operations today depend on hard and soft technologies to improve processes. The role of artificial intelligence gives an assurance of quality and performance. For example, the computer integrated manufacturing systems (CIMS) provides an automated approach to production activities for high performance. Robotic processes, business analytics and Enterprise Resource Planning are some of the modern tools for OM. These have immense benefits such as lowered costs, market segmentation, customer satisfaction, environmental monitoring systems and supply chain management. Some of these tools and devices may be expensive installations in an OM. However, they continue to change OM practices and theories. As a recommendation, technology decisions or scalability has to incorporate technology solutions (Nagano, et al., 2015). Technology tools incorporate the lean principles, sustainability and other approaches in the design, process selection, facility and supply chain management. This maximizes on the potential of an organization in OM. Whats more, technology solutions have customized and integrated applications for specific and collective processes. Stakeholders in competent organizations have already adopted the new framework of OM. This is bound to change because technology is a continuous process hence contemporary OM is not static. Bibliography Collier, A. D. Evans, J. E., 2014. Operations Management. 5th ed. s.l.:Cengage. Douflou, J. et al., 2012. Towards energy and resource efficient manufacturing: A processes and systems approach. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 61(2), pp. 587-609. Esty, D. Winson, A., 2012. Green to gold: how smart companies use enironment strategy to innovate, create value and build competitive advantage. Yale: Yale University. Govindan, K., Padhi, S., Pati, R. Rajeeve, 2017. Evolution of sustainability in supply chain management: A literature review. pp. 299-314. Hassini, E. Surti, C. a. S. C., 2012. A literature review and a case study of sustainable supply chains with focus on metrics. International Journal of Production Economics, 140(1), pp. 69-82. Leng, J. Jiang, P., 2017. The configuration of social manufactruring: a social intelligence way toward service oriented manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Research, 12(1), pp. 4-19. Mckinsey, 2016. The CEO guide to China's future. McKinsey Quarterly, September. Mesaharu, O., Yohsuke, H. Samson, D., 2013. Japanese innovation processes, International Journal of operations production management. INternational Journal of Operations Production Management, 33(3), pp. 275-295. Moledena, S. B., 2011. Al Ain Dairy: Managing demand and supply. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies. Nagano, S. M., Miyata, H. H. Arujo, C. D., 2015. A constructive heuristic for total flowtime minimization in no wait flowshop with sequence-dependent setup times. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, Volume 36, p. 224. Pacheco, D., Pergher, I., Vaccaro, L. G. Jung, C. C. C., 2015. 18 Comparative aspects between lean and six sigma: Complementarity and implications. International Journal of lean Six Sigma, Volume 6, pp. 161-175. Pons, D. Pearce, A., 2013. Implementing lean practices: managing teh transformation risks. Journal of Industryal Engineering. Rich, N. Piercy, N., 2014. The relationship between lean operations and sustainable operations. IJOPM, 35(2), pp. 282-311. Zahir, I. G. A., 2014. Sustainable operations management: design, modelling and analysis. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 65(6), pp. 801-805.

Black Plague Essay Research Paper Much of free essay sample

Black Plague Essay, Research Paper Much of history is a record of the catastrophes work forces bring upon themselves. But some of the worst bad lucks of world # 8211 ; inundations, temblors, dearths, and pestilences # 8211 ; look to be built-in in the natural strategy of things or Acts of the Apostless of God. The most awful of these of which we have knowledge of was the Black Plague, which ravaged Europe in the 14th century ( Cohen 106 ) .The Bubonic Plague, which is a disease that has troubled the universe for many old ages, is thought of by many every bit merely an event that happened for merely a few old ages, a long clip ago. It is besides thought that this disease, while lifelessly, did non take a really large toll on the people and communities of Europe. This is non the instance. The Bubonic Plague was, and still is a really lifelessly and lay waste toing disease that had a immense consequence on Europe from 1346 to about 1700. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Plague Essay Research Paper Much of or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is the Bubonic Plague? There are many names for it. It has been called the Black Plague, Black Death, the Pest Plague, and the Oriental Plague. There are three different types of the Bubonic Plague, all holding different scientific names. First there is Pastuerella plague, so Bacillus plague, and in conclusion Versinius plague ( Black Death ) . Even though these are all a small different from each other, they still have many similar features, and can attest themselves in two different ways- In the blood stream, or in the lungs, the latter being much deadlier ( Harrison 2 ) . When the blood stream is infected from the bite of a flea, the lymph nodes in the organic structure crestless wave to the size of an apple or golf ball, and ooze blood and Pus ( Harrison 2 ) . Since the flea normally bites on the legs, the sores will most likely appear in the groin country and axillas, doing it painful to even walk ( Rice 1 ) . Besides, black splodges appear on the tegument from internal hem orrhage, and there is a white coat on the lingua ( Harrison 2 ) . When the lungs are infected, other symptoms include heavy perspiration, intolerance to visible radiation, ptyalizing of blood and uninterrupted febrility until decease, which is in merely one to three yearss ( Harrison 2 ) . All of these symptoms are really painful, and after a couple yearss of holding this disease, decease is a welcome alleviation. Black Death spreads in two ways. First, it starts in insanitary conditions where it can be spread by fleas, who are bearers of the disease. It starts when they bite an septic rat. The bacterium so blocks their digestive system, doing them regurgitate the septic blood into a human when they bite ( Black Death ) . Second, in crowded, insanitary urban countries where the disease is widespread, it can be passed from adult male to adult male through microscopic beads of spit when a individual coughs or sneezes. This leads to the before mentioned lung infection ( Black Death ) . When people think of the Bubonic Plague, they normally think of the pestilence which devastated Europe in the mid 1300 s, but the history of the pestilence goes much further back than that. There were histories of the pestilence in the Old Testament, and so once more in Athens in 430B.C. ( Plague ) . The pestilence was hibernating for many old ages, but so reappeared in China in the 1330 s ( Plague ) . It eventually hit Europe in 1347 when Genose trading ships whose crewmans were infected, landed in, and infected, about every major port in Europe ( Cohen 2 ) . It stayed in Europe and swept through for many old ages until it eventually reached England in 1664 and caused what is known as the Great Plague of London ( Plague ) . Europe had heard of the pestilence, but didn Ts cognize how bad it truly was until it got at that place, and when it did, it had immense effects on the economic system and the communities of Europe. The effects that the Bubonic Plague had on the economic system are these. Since there was a greater figure of deceases in the metropolis than in the state because of the crowded conditions, there was a labour deficit, and many people moved into the metropolis to happen work ( Harrison 2 ) . However, the figure of workers were limited to assist drive up wages, and this made a huge figure of the people who came into the metropolis unemployed ( Harrison 2 ) . Guilds had regulated ranks, and one time a individual was in a club, he found it really hard to travel up because the clubs were really protective of their members ( Harrison 2 ) . In the state, nevertheless there was a really little husbandman population because of the pestilence, which drove the grain monetary values up and lessened competition ( Harrison 2 ) . This made for a really good grains market ( Harrison 3 ) . What this meant was that if a provincial wanted to travel into the agriculture concern for himself by engaging other workers, he found that he could do a really profitable l ife ( Harrison 3 ) . Overall, nevertheless, the pestilence brought in its aftermath a recession from which Europe did non retrieve until the 15th century ( Harrison 3 ) . The consequence of the pestilence on communities was lay waste toing. Families and friends were set against each other # 8211 ; the well rejecting the sick ( Rice 1 ) . Some people withdrew from all contact with others, trusting T O avoid acquiring the awful disease ( Chilton 24 ) . As the disease became more and more widespread, many people wanted to hold a concluding confession or compose up their last will and testament, but the priests and attorneies would non even acquire near adequate for them to make it ( Chilton 24 ) . The decease of many Judgess and decision makers from the pestilence made it so that jurisprudence and order barely even existed in some countries. The ground was that there merely were non adequate people to catch violators. If one was caught, nevertheless, there was small opportunity of him traveling to test, because there were no Judgess to supervise the instance, and no attorneies, either to prosecute, or to support. ( Rice 1 ) . Besides, there were instances of the ill breakage into houses and endangering to pollute the people within unless they were paid a payoff to go forth ( Rice 1 ) . It was the terminal of the universe ( Chilton 25 ) . Peoples were rolling about, about zombie-li ke from fear and hopelessness ( Chilton 25 ) . They abandoned their places and left their occupations ( Chilton 25 ) . The pestilence besides had an consequence on the hygiene of communities. The dead were piled in shallow mass Gravess, or they were merely dumped into the street ( Rice 1 ) . This evidently did non assist to squelch the spread of the disease. In the old ages that the pestilence was most active, it had taken its toll in about every major metropolis in Europe. In the East, it killed over 20 three million people ( Harrison 2 ) . In Paris, over one half of the people died ( Harrison 2 ) . Bremen and Hamburg fared even worse, with over one half of their populations being wiped out, and eventually, in Florence, three fourths of the people lay dead. It killed 70,000 out of the 460,000 people populating in England, and this figure is likely underestimated, since it is likely that many of the 6432 deceases attributed to spotted febrility were truly caused by the pestilence ( Black Death ) . When the decease counts were eventually totaled, over 20 five million people had been slain in Europe by the Bubonic Plague ( Black Death ) . This comes out to be approximately on tierce of the entire population. Where were the physicians, and what were they making to seek to control the pestilence? During this clip, the physicians were deceasi ng merely like anybody else, and most of the healthy physicians did non make bold visit the sick for fright of catching the disease themselves ( Cohen 108 ) . The few physicians who were brave or brave plenty to venture into a ill individual s house used many different, but uneffective remedies, one of the most popular being a bath in piss. Other remedies included the combustion of aromatic forests and herbs, particular diets to hunger the pestilence out, classs of shed blooding to seek to acquire rid of the septic blood, and new, different positions for kiping ( Rice 1 ) . For the rich, there were potions made from liquefied gold or from powdered pearls and gems ( Rice 1 ) . Although the physicians in the Middle Ages were non really successful in their efforts to mend the sick, there are ways to halt the disease from distributing and infecting people. First of all, healthful steps should be taken against plagues to do certain that there are no rats or fleas in the life quarters. If this is done the disease would be nipped in the bud because there would be no bearers to distribute it to worlds ( Black Death ) . If the rats do go on to infect some persons, those people should be quarantined to do certain that they do non distribute the disease to others ( Black Death ) . Besides, there was an highly helpful vaccinum developed in the 19 mid-fortiess to assist the victim regain wellness ( Black Death ) . Use of this along with antibiotics can normally assist the single recover from the disease. Although the Bubonic pestilence was a awful clip for world, we can be certain that a immense graduated table eruption, like the one in Europe, will neer go on once more due to the medical and technological progresss we have made. One can merely inquire what would hold happened if the people of Europe had entree to the vaccinums and antibiotics we have now. Possibly the pestilence happened for the best, decelerating the growing of population so that the universe would non g o excessively overcrowded. Even in visible radiation of this, the Bubonic Plague was still a awful and deathly clip for Europe and the remainder of the universe. Bibliography Black Death, Colliers Encyclopedia, 1990.Chilton, David. Power in the Blood ( Brentwood: Wolgemuth A ; Hyatt Publishers, 1987 ) .Cohen, Daniel. The Black Death ( New York: Franklin Watts Inc. , 1974 ) .Harrison, James. Papal Schism, 100 Years War and the Black Plague. [ Online ] Available hypertext transfer protocol: //www.li.suu.edu/library/courses /hum101/ papal.html. February 11, 1998. Plague, International Family Health Encyclopedia, 1971.Rice, Aaron. The Black Death: Bubonic Plague. [ Online ] Available hypertext transfer protocol: //mse.byu.edu /mse/InSci/286/MiddleAges/LifeTimes/ Plague.html. February 11, 1998.Rice, Aaron. Black Death Spreads. [ Online ] Available hypertext transfer protocol: //mse.byu.edu /mse/InSci/286/MiddleAges/LifeTimes/ Blackdeath1.html. February 11, 1998.

New Worlds For All essays

New Worlds For All essays New Worlds for All, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America. By Colin G. Calloway. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1997. Colin G. Calloway effectively states to his readers that the Indians of the North America were not just pushed aside by the Europeans who had begun exploring and immigrating in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Europeans had influenced them, but they also influenced the Europeans. The Indians and the Europeans each shaped the so-called New World into what it is today known as America. Neither one of them could have predicted that they would have created such a powerful country. This short book explores the new worlds that Indians and Europeans created together in early America and considers how conquest changed conquered people and conquerors alike. Throughout this short book, Calloway retells the stories and the culture they both made to create early America (178, xiii-xiv). Calloway states how Europeans did not come to America to create America or to mold themselves into something other than Indians. They came over here to make a New World like the home they had left and make it better. Neither the Europeans nor the Indians were looking for change, nor did they want to abandon their heritage and become like a person that is so different from their own. The two cultures were forced to interact because they shared the same land. Neither side would get anywhere if they were constantly fighting with each other all the time; therefore they had to find means of getting along. Out of necessity the adapted to their changing environment by exchanging ideas and establishing relationships that allowed them to interact. Later on down the road the colonists would see the unavoidable changes that had taken place within themselves and use them to proclaim their sense of independence from Great Britain and announce themselves as Americans (4, 6, 196-197). ...

How could culture affect international business Essay

How could culture affect international business - Essay Example usinesses across the business world, there are tiny variations in the way that each of these businesses are affected as per the exact mode of operation and specific cultural orientations of a given group of people (Becker 2013, p. 97). Therefore, this also takes note of the fact that different cultures have different impacts on the businesses. In light of this, an evaluation of the effect of culture on international business can shed more light on the issue with particular reference to German and Indian cultures. For effective intercultural business relations to take place, a business entity must understand the core beliefs that a culture strives to abide by. Due to this, international business with India requires a much more careful approach than with Germany due to the various cultural beliefs that Indians always abide by. In India, culture plays a very critical role in every situation down to the very basic forms of interaction that clients have to hold with customers. Greetings, gestures, body language and the basics of non-verbal communication all mean a lot when in the Indian context. This means that almost all the forms of communication that involve various forms of body movement have to be re-evaluated while in the context of Indian culture, or else the whole business interaction will be jeopardized, and this could hinder the proper delivery of a business concept or sealing of a business deal. Therefore, this highlights how the concept of business communication is greatly jeopardized as a result of cultural considerations. On the other hand, German culture is generally formal and is not heavily laden with various complex cultural connotations. This makes it a fairly easy and friendly community for business activities. Communication, which formed the major part of the issues that hinder effective business operations with Indian culture are well defined in the German culture. The communication systems are generally relatable and form the core of their way

Methods for accident investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods for accident investigation - Essay Example Causal factors can be broken down into three types. The first of these is direct cause, which describes the immediate aspect that caused the event. The second is a contributing cause, which acts with other events to increase how likely the accident was to occur. The final type of cause is a root factor, which would prevent the accident from reoccurring if it is corrected. These aspects can be determined through the use of different analytical approaches. The deductive approach makes use of a reasoning approach, which moves from a general perspective to a specific one, based on the postulation of the failure of a specific system or process. The second approach is inductive, which postulates that a particular event of fault has initiated the process. This is an overview approach. Finally, the morphological approach makes use of the way that the system that is being studied is structured. This considers what aspects have the most significant effects on safety. A five-step model was developed by SINTEF for investigating accidents. The first step is identifying the sequence of events the occurred prior to the accident, the second is determining failures and deviations that influenced the events. The third step involves working out the problems with the systems of management. The fourth step involves the identification of weaknesses in top management. Finally, the fifth step involves finding the weaknesses in the public safety framework. When investigating an accident, one of the main objectives is reporting and the provision of recommendations, which have the potential to prevent similar accidence from occurring in the future. The TRIPOD concept examines the organizational failures that are crucial to accident prevention, based on the arguments that substandard aspects occur as the result of mechanisms within organization. These often occur due to decisions in the organization, and the underlying mechanisms are

Organic food Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organic food - Research Proposal Example â€Å"Do you know why that apple is so shiny in the store shelf? Yes, you guessed it, full of pesticides. Yes, full of poisons and chemicals. Why spend time scrubbing your fruit when you should be enjoying it. Pesticides will prolong shelf life, but at the same time, are more damaging to your body† (All About Organic Foods). The organic food contains only organic ingredients and the processing also will be done mostly using natural means. The packing materials also will be biodegradable whenever possible. The advantages of organic system of farming are; it is environment friendly; it sustains diversification in ecosystems and it uses less energy and produces less waste. Organically managed soil will never lose its quality and it has higher water retention ability. Even in drought years the yield will not be decreased because of this property. Organic food and fruits taste better than conventional food. Foods, that are unprocessed and unrefined, or processed and refined as little as possible is called whole foods. It will not contain any ingredients such as salt, sugar, fats etc. All whole foods need not be organic though both of them have some similarities. The life of whole foods may be less because of the lack of basic processing methods. Colorado Denver is one of the main centers of America’s organic food growers. The city is blessed with so many restaurants, hotels and markets which supplies only the organic foods. Grower’s Organic, Door to Door Organics, The Forte, Chinese Bean Sprout, Whole Foods Market, Denver Distribution center,‎ Sazza‎, Winter Park Market, Alberts Organic Inc, Vitamin Cottage Natural Grocer, Humm Foods Incorporated, Vitamin Cottage Natural Grocers, Vegetarian Society of Colorado, Gnc are some of the main organic food suppliers and markets available in Colorado Denver â€Å"In the rush to produce more and more crops to satisfy growing demand producers have had to

Advantages Of Semisynthetic Penicillins Biology Essay

Advantages Of Semisynthetic Penicillins Biology Essay Introduction Amoxycillin is a semisynthetic ÃŽ ²-lactam antibiotic derived from a common chemical nucleus of naturally occurring Penicillin G, 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Vital to Amoxycillins biological effects is the ÃŽ ²-lactam ring contained within this nucleus. Amoxicillin is bacteriolytic and bacteriocidal to susceptible gram positive and gram negative microbacteria. Today, amoxicillin is the 9th most prescribed drug in the world. Penicillin discovery Up until the early 1900s, the only treatment for bacterial infection was antiseptic which was only useful for surface wounds. In 1928, Alexander Fleming made a momentous albeit accidental discovery in St Marys Hospital in London. He noticed that a Staphylococci plate being grown in culture had been contaminated with mould of the species Penicillium notatum and that this had resulted in the inhibition of bacterial growth in the vicinity of the mould. Fleming subsequently isolated the mould and formulated an antibacterial mould broth. In 1938 at Oxford, Howard Florey and his biochemist Ernst Chain extracted penicillin from the mould and established that it was nontoxic and had chemotherapeutic effects. In 1941 an injectable form of penicillin became available for therapeutic use Advantageous of Semisynthetic Penicillins Penicillin G (naturally occurring) is poorly stable in gastric acid and broken down rapidly as it passes through the stomach. Therefore, Penicillin G must be given intramuscularly which limits its usefulness. Semisynthetic penicillins such as Amoxycillin with increased oral bioavailability were a major advancement in therapeutic antibiotics. Furthermore, while aminopenicillins and natural penicillins have similar efficacy against gram positive bacteria, semisynthetic aminopenicillins (such as Amoxycillin) are more active against certain strains of gram negative rods. Amoxycillin Discovery In Beecham Laboratories in 1957, 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) was isolate from penicillin. Through chemical modification of the ÃŽ ²-lactam thiazolidine ring side chains semisynthetic penicillins were developed. In 1961, Ampicillin was created which was quickly followed in 1964 by the introduction of a Ï -hydroxyl group in Ampicillins side chain creating amoxycillin. Amoxycillin was found to have improved absorption following oral administration and 2-2.5 times greater plasma concentrations compared to an equivalent dose of Ampicillin. In 1967 Beecham laboratories discovered that the susceptibility of Amoxycillin to ÃŽ ²-lactamase could be overcome with co-administration of clavulanic acid (a ÃŽ ²-lactamase inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces olivaceus). Chemistry Amoxycillin is a white crystalline powder that is somewhat soluble in alcohol and water. Amoxycillins chemical name is (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(R)-2amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3,3-dimethy;-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptanes-2-carboxylic acid. It has a molecular weight of 419.4. Figure 1: Chemical Structure of Amoxycillin Pharmacodynamics Amoxycillin functions by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptides of susceptible gram positive and negative microorganisms actively synthesizing peptidoglycan and undergoing multiplication. The molecular target of Amoxycillin and other ÃŽ ²-lactam antibiotics are the Penicillin Binding Proteins. Upon drug-target interaction transpeptidation is blocked and thus inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a vital cell wall component. Subsequently, the inhibitor of autolytic enzymes in the cell wall, is removed resulting in active autolytic enzymes and bacteriolysis. Pharmacokinetics Amoxycillin complies with the two compartment model with elimination occurring from the central compartment. Figure 2 demonstrates Amoxycillins biexponential decline of serum concentration with time. Table 1 and 2 document the pharmacokinetic parameters of Amoxycillin. Figure 2: Average serum concentration versus time after 500mg IV dose of Amoxycillin. Table 1: Pharmacokinetic parameter and absolute bioavailability of a 500mg oral dose of Amoxycillin. Table 2: Pharmacokinetic parameter of a 500mg IV dose of Amoxycillin. Administration Amoxycillin is usually administered orally. The relationship between dose and extent of absorption is not linear with a plateau at higher oral concentrations. Dose adjustments need to be made in patients with renal dysfunction. Bioavailability Drug bioavailability is the proportion of drug that passes into systemic circulation after oral administration. It is dependent upon absorption across the gastrointestinal tract and first pass clearance by the liver. After oral administration of a dose of 250mg and 500mg of Amoxycillin the average peak serum concentrations (observed between 1-2 hours after administration) were 5.0mg/mL and 6.0 10.8 mg/mL respectively. The variation of plasma concentration with time is demonstrated in Figure 3. The oral bioavailability of Amoxycillin is 77.4% Amoxycillin is stable in gastric acid and is rapidly absorbed after oral administration regardless of absence or presence of food products and thus a high proportion of administered dose reaches the systemic circulation.. Figure 3: Mean serum levels following oral administration of 125mg and 250mg of Amoxycillin to 11 normal volunteers. (95% confidence). Volume of Distribution Volume of distribution is defined as the volume of fluid in which the amount of drug in the body would need to be uniformly distributed to produce observed plasma concentrations. Amoxycillin distributes widely and rapidly into most body tissues and fluid. Despite this, Amoxycillin remains extracellular due to lipid insolubility and thus does not cross the blood brain barrier unless the meninges are inflamed. Volume of distribution of Amoxycillin is 20.2L (0.3 L/kg). Clearance Clearance is defined as the volume of blood cleared of drug per unit time. It is dependent on renal excretion hepatic elimination. The clearance of Amoxycillin is 221mL/min. Renal Excretion Amoxycillin is excreted predominantly via the urine in biologically active form or as penicilloic acid. 75% of a 1 gram dose is excreted in the urine within 6 hrs (60% biologically active form, 15% is in the form of penicilloic acid). Biological Half life Elimination half life is defined by the time taken for the plasma concentration of drug to reach half the steady state concentration. The biological half life is 61.3 minutes with normal renal function. Half life increases with renal dysfunction. Clinical Uses Amoxycillin is a broad spectrum ÃŽ ²-lactam antibiotic with effectiveness against many pathogenic microorganisms. It is commonly used to treat bacterial infections such as otitis media, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, gonorrhoea and skin infections. Indications for use Location of infection Microorganism Skin and skin structure E coli, Staphylococcus, nonpenicillinase producing streptococcis Respiratory (Acute and chronic) nonpenicillinase producing E coli, Streptococcus, Strep. Pneumonia, H.influenzae, staphylococcus Genitourinary tract (Complicate and uncomplicated, acute and chronic) E.Coli, P.mirabilis and Strep. Faecalis Gonorrhoea N. Gonorrhoea (nonpenicillinase producing) Prophylaxis of endocarditis Used in people at particular risk (e.g. individuals who have previously had endocarditis or with a prosthetic heart valve) Table 3: Indications for use of Amoxycillin Precautions Drug interactions Amoxycillin is rarely associated with adverse drug interactions however the following reactions have been demonstrated in some cases. Drug Interaction Oral anticoagulants (e.g. Warfarin and Acenocoumarol) Results in abnormal prolongation of prothrombin time (or international normalised ratio.) Allopurinol Results in increased rate of rash reactions. It is unknown whether this is due to Amoxycillin reacting with the allopurinol itself or the hyperuricaemia that it is treating. Combined Oral Contraceptives Like all penicillin, Amoxycillin can affect the commensal gut flora which results in decreased oestrogen absorption. This has been associated with decreased efficacy of combined oral contraceptives. Tetracyclines or other bacteriostatic drugs Bacteriostatic drugs have been known to interference with the bactericidal effects of Amoxycillin Clavulanic acid Amoxycillin therapeutic effects are inactivated by penicillinase (ÃŽ ²-lactam) producing organisms. It is possible to co-administer Amoxycillin with clavulanic acid (ÃŽ ²-lactamase inhibitor) to broaden the spectrum of susceptible bacteria (e.g.. co-amoxiclav). Probenecid Renal excretion can be delayed by administration of Probenecid as demonstrated by Figure 4. When used in conjunction there is an increased plasma concentration of Amoxycillin reached and longer duration of effect. This is a beneficial interaction. Table 4: Some common drug interactions when co-administered with Amoxycillin Figure 4: Mean serum levels following oral administration of 1 gram of Amoxycillin with and without probenicid. Pregnancy and Lactation While penicillin can cross the placenta, no teratogenic effects have been uncovered through animal studies. Similarly, Amoxycillin can be excreted in breast milk resulting in potential side effects for the nursing infant including diarrhoea or allergic response. However, Amoxycillin is generally considered safe for use in pregnant women and nursing mothers. Adverse reactions Side effects are uncommon however potentially include insomnia, diarrhoea, dizziness, confusion, heartburn, easy bruising, itching, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bleeding, rash and allergic reactions. The most common adverse reaction is hypersensitivity reactions in patients with allergies to ÃŽ ² lactam antibiotics, penicillin or cephalosporins. Anaphylaxis can be fatal and occurs more frequently following parenteral administration. All penicillins have been associated with seizures when administered in excessive doses or administered intrathecally. Conclusion The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Flemming lead to the subsequent generation of the semisynthetic aminopenicillin, Amoxycillin. This ÃŽ ²-lactam antibiotic has a broad spectrum of therapeutic use, high oral bioavailability and lack of toxic effects.

Expansion and the Evolutionary Lottery :: Evolution Essays

Expansion and the Evolutionary Lottery For a young scholar learning the basic concepts of science and biology, evolution was this grand theory of past life becoming more like present life over time via the utilization of such complicated and foreboding means as "natural selection" and "survival of the fittest." I came to understand that there was endless diversity of life, and variation was a result of the interactions of organisms with their environments. Natural selection placed pressure on the organisms forcing adaptations to be made, hence new species to arise over time. The oversimplified image of evolution that began to form in my head involved one single organism adapting to its environment and undergoing change in its own life span, therefore that one organism experiences evolution in action. I didn't think evolution was a process of becoming more "perfect" necessarily, but "better suited for more diverse situations," which boiled down to being better. Obviously this picture I was conjuring up was far from the mos t scientifically logical, and I was surprised and impressed to hear a better explanation. Evolution is depicted as an inconceivably time- consuming and expansion-driven process; it is not about "survival of the fittest" or being perfect, rather the most able to produce genetically variable offspring (less likely to be eliminated by natural selection). The major discrepancy between the two (oversimplified and clarified) formulations of evolution is the importance of random innate expansion, which arguably is a quality assigned not only to energy and matter on Earth, but also to evolution and as the entire universe. One of the simpler discrepancies in my illogical view of evolution merely involved timescale and the mechanism of change. A single organism cannot evolve within its own life span because of environmental pressure. The very first of Mayr's seventeen principles of inheritance states, "genetic material is constant ('hard'); it cannot be changed by the environment or by use and disuse of the phenotype... Genes cannot be modified by the environment... There is no inheritance of acquired characters" (Mayr, 2001, p. 91). Therefore, one organism cannot possibly experience evolution in action as a result of environmental interactions. The term adaptation creates some confusion here because it is so often coupled with evolutionary change and expresses a change suited for certain environmental conditions. The fact of the matter is evolution, as well as adaptation, occur over many generations and changes are not directly related to the conditions of the environment.

Jamaican Culture Essay

Probably one of the most lively and rich cultures of the world is of the Jamaican culture. It is perhaps due to its exotic surroundings and the various regions of its origin. Today in Jamaica, there are obvious influences of African, English, Spanish, and Indian. Being only the third biggest island in the Caribbean its impact is huge on the rest of the world. The official language of Jamaica is English. However, most civilians in Jamaica speak patois. Think of it as an extremely slurred accented speech of English with hints of African, Portuguese, and Spanish appearing here and there. Most of the time just knowing English will help you understand what people basically are saying. The religions in Jamaica are wide and varied. However, statistics show that over half (61.3%) of all Jamaicans are Protestant. There is also a good deal of participation in spiritual cults of not-really-defined religion (almost 35%). Religion is highly held in Jamaica and can affect from what people where to what they eat. Sometimes cults in Jamaica resort to violence against other cults. The education system in Jamaica has four basic levels: early childhood, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Presently, 703,600 of Jamaica’s estimated 2,650,000 people are enrolled in the education system. About 80% of all teachers are professionally trained. Jamaica currently holds an 85% literacy rate for total population (81% for men alone and 89% for women alone). Currently in Jamaica, only 3% of the enrolled education students are enrolled for college level education, 32% for junior high and high school level, 45% for elementary level, and 20% for ages 3-5 yrs. The majority of the people in Jamaica usually live in or near the cities in low-income housing. However, some still live rurally for agricultural purposes. There are many holidays and festive occasions in Jamaica. Jamaica’s national holiday is its Independence Day on the first Monday every august. Most of  Jamaican culture is expressed through stories, songs, and dances of important figures. Here are just a few examples of Jamaican culture. One old custom now only practiced in rural areas is that of taking the baby’s naval string cord after they are born, waiting 3 days, and burying it in the ground and planting a tree on top of the cord. Another belief is that of a mother cannot get wet the first few days after birth otherwise she will get sick and die. In Jamaica, lavish funerals are required to give respect to the dead for they will rise on the third night after their death. There are also certain characters of folklore. One is Anancy. He is the spider man known for his trickery. There is also the children’s character of Big Bwoy. In Jamaica there is also many festivals. The Gran’ Market is a pre-Christmas celebration. Obeah is a general term for black magic. Kumina is a popular ritual practiced only by certain sects for religion. Dinky-Mini is a dance and song used to help cheer up the family of a dead person. Hosay is a festival particular to Muslim/Indian sects. Most people in Jamaica have somewhat balanced diets and eat depending on religion and season. A typical breakfast is the country’s fruit, the ackee. Lunch is usually light meat or vegetables while dinner consists of goat, pork, seafood, rice, and beans. Skyjuice, coconut juice, and tea are popular drinks. Skyjuice is the American equivalent of a slushy. On average families have about two children in cities but having many more in rural areas, especially on farms. The parents usually work while the children are off attending school. In Jamaica, almost every festival has its own unique dressing design. The most popular and renowned is that of the simple plaid cotton design of Bandana. Women’s dresses are of three tiers (big ruffles) and they are known to be adorned in beads and braid their hair intricately.

Behavioural - Avoidance of Colleague. The WritePass Journal

Behavioural - Avoidance of Colleague. Introduction Behavioural Avoidance of Colleague. IntroductionREFERENCESRelated Introduction Although this model can be criticised for being too simplistic and failing to take social factors into account that can affect all its component parts, it does illustrate how SP can be disabling for the client as it reveals that the emotional distress and avoidant behaviour (C) is a consequence of the negative inferences and evaluations (B), and not, as the client mistakenly believes, a consequence of the activating event (A). There may be many innocent reasons as to why the colleague ignored the client, but it is how the client not only interpreted the colleagues action negatively, but also inferred a negative meaning and subsequently a negative evaluation, as it is certainly not catastrophic if someone does not like you. During assessment, the CB therapist will identify the As, Bs, and Cs by focusing on a specific emotional episode and following this procedure: 1) Assess the C 2) Assess the A 3) Connect the A and C 4) Assess B 5) Connect B to C Both (A) and (C) are assessed before (B) and 2 or 3 of these assessments are conducted as there are often several emotional episodes that have an underlying irrational belief (B) in common.   It is this identification of (B) that facilitates the next stage of formulation. A CB formulation makes an assertion that the client has one or more irrational beliefs underlying several specific episodes.   CB formulations integrate information gathered during assessment and provide a working hypothesis for how the clients SP developed, how the SP is being maintained by the client and how it might be resolved.   Any formulation made by the CB therapist must be based on the clients stated problems and be accepted by the client as a working formulation which then goes on to form the basis for CB intervention. Examples of case formulations include the Three Systems Approach (Rachman Hodgson, 1974), illustrated diagrammatically below, which attempts to understand emotional issues in behavioural, cognitive and physiological terms. However, this model does not take into account any environmental issues that may have precipitated the emotional distress.   This failing was addressed by Greenberg and Padesky, (1995) in the Five Aspect Model, illustrated diagrammatically below. In this model, all aspects are experienced within the environment.   An individuals ethnicity, socio-economic status, education level or upbringing can all be considered as environmental aspects of the problem. Using a fictitious client example, James has been referred by his GP for counselling for SP.   His CB therapist has conducted 3 ABC assessments, the first of which revealed that James is anxious about a job interview (A) and thinks that people will judge him as stupid (B). Jamess second assessment revealed his worry about blushing when dealing with people in authority (A) and that this means that he is physically abnormal (B).   His third assessment revealed his nausea (A) before delivering a best man speech where everyone would laugh at him (B). A general formulation here would be that Jamess SP results from his tendency to misinterpret the facial expressions and reactions of others and his constant negative evaluation of himself in the social situation of work. It is important that the client genuinely understands the formulation.   Irwin et al (1985) found that only 25% of patients genuinely understood the benefits and side effects of their treatment when questioned specifically.   This means 75% did not, and without this understanding, the client will not attribute any changes to their own efforts. Once the therapist is satisfied that the client genuinely understands the formulations, then the 4 steps of intervention can begin.   Firstly, the therapist and the client must agree on specific formulations to work on and secondly, using these formulations as a guide, they must together select specific goals that the client wishes to work on. Step 3 is the selection by the client, and agreed on by the therapist, of specific tasks that will help achieve the specific goals.   These tasks may include the keeping of a diary of events, behaviour and emotions.   Key elements of CBT treatments include Exposure, in which a client enters and remains in a feared situation despite distress, either in vivo or in vetro, beginning with situations that the client has ranked as moderately fear-provoking and moving up gradually to more highly feared situations.   The use of Exposure techniques is based on the assumption that the client must fully experience the feared situation in order for change in emotional and behavioural symptoms to occur (Foa Kozak, 1986). Relaxation techniques are also used in order to help the client deal with the physiological symptoms of SP.   Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) techniques are taught to the client so that they can practice using the techniques during everyday activities and then be able to use them when in a fear provoking situation (Ost, 1987). A final key element in the CBT treatment arsenal is Cognitive Restructuring (CR).   This is based on the assumption that it is the client’s irrational thoughts and beliefs that perpetuate the SP and not the actual situation (Beck Emery, 1985).     CR is often used in combination with Exposure to challenge the client’s irrational thoughts and beliefs rather than simply a process of teaching the client to ignore SP provoking stimuli. Finally, step 4 is the agreement of boundary conditions where the therapist and client agree by negotiation the number, frequency and duration of sessions, the agendas of those sessions, role relationship and locus of responsibility. Strengths and limitations of CBT CBT is a collaborative treatment, with the therapist as an expert in friends clothing rather than an aloof and removed ‘expert in doctors uniform’.   It helps the client to develop new skills for their use in future situations, and its brevity and time-limited aspect makes it attractive for cost-conscious primary care trusts here in the UK. CBTs focus on the issues in the here and now help to break maladaptive thinking and behavioural patterns that maintain the client’s distress levels.   This in turn may help past issues from a current viewpoint, as the new skills develop to cope with one situation, they can also be applied to other situations by the client to effectively heal themselves. CBTs structure and specificity in relation to goals and tasks make it very easy to evaluate and research and also gives the client positive reinforcement by being enabled to achieve realistic goals. Few studies have compared CBT with other psychotherapies in  the treatment of SP, however, Cottraux et al. (2000)  found that CBT was superior to supportive therapy. Treatment  effects for CBT were sustained at 36 and 60 week follow-ups, although the long-term effects of supportive therapy were not assessed. CBT also has its limitations.   Efficacy rates depend on the clients expectations of success, their willingness to complete the behavioural tasks and their ability to confront uncomfortable thoughts (Rosenbaum Horowitz, 1983; Marmar, Weiss Gaston, 1989). Psychological therapies in general are increasingly becoming an integral part of government planning in mental health care with CBT increasingly being viewed by government as the first choice of treatment for many psychological problems (Clark et al, 2009) however, CBTs apparent superiority may be undeserved. The NIMH study, now 20 years old, was the largest in the world and it found CBT performed poorly in comparison to interpersonal therapy and drug therapy (Elkin, 1994, pp. 114-142). There is also the question of CBTs clinical relevance as opposed to its ability to produce change under lab conditions.   CBT may do well in university based clinical trials with participants recruited from adverts but in the real world of clinical practice, not so well.   Leff et al (2000) found that in the London Depression Trial, CBT was discontinued early due to poor compliance from clinically typical patients. CBT does not address the biological issues that may cause SP, as mentioned earlier in Blair et al (2008) and their findings regarding the amygdalas role in causing SP, neither does it take into account the issue of co-morbidity, especially with Axis II disorders that could seriously disrupt CBT treatment.   Alnaes and Torgersen (1988) found that patients with borderline  personality disorder are at heightened risk for developing an anxiety disorder while Oldham et al (1995) found significant levels of comorbidity of anxiety  disorders with borderline, avoidant, and dependent personality disorders. Developmental psychologists argue that SP can result from attachment problems in early childhood. Longitudinal analyses (Brumariu Kerns, 2008) showed that lower attachment security and higher ambivalent attachment were most consistently correlated with higher social anxiety levels. Alternatives to CBT include hypnotherapy (Kirsch et al, 1995; Vickers Zollman, 2001), which has shown promising results when combined with CBT.   Antidepressants were initially developed to treat depression, but they are now also used to treat anxiety disorders. SSRIs such as fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft) are commonly prescribed by starting at low doses and then increased in dosage levels over time for panic disorder and social phobia (Hauser, 2006). Neural Linguistic Programming (NLP) has also shown to be effective as a ‘fast phobia cure’. Konefal Duncan (1998) provides evidence of significant reductions in SP using the Liebowitz Social Phobia Scale after NLP training. In conclusion, while CBT may have its limitations, and depend largely on the co-operation of the client, the same can be said for any psychotherapy as the outcome appears to be considerably enhanced when the client and therapist are actively involved in a cooperative relationship (Tryon Winograd, 2011).   It is of note that Horvath et al (2011) found that the effect size of the link between alliance and psychotherapy outcomes was 0.275, and that this statistically significant effect accounts for about 7.5% of the variance in outcomes, showing that the alliance-outcome relationship is one of the strongest predictors of treatment success that any research has been able to document thus far. REFERENCES Alnaes, R., and Torgersen, S. (1988). The relationship between DSM-III symptom disorders (axis I) and personality disorders (axis II) in an outpatient population. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 78, 485–492. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, D.C: APA. Antony, M. M., and Swinson, R. P. (2008). The shyness and social anxiety workbook: Proven, step-by-step techniques for overcoming your fear (2nd ed.). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. Beck, A.T., and Clark, D.A. (1988). Anxiety and depression: An information processing perspective. Anxiety Research: An International Journal, 1, 23-36. Beck, A. T., and Emery, G. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books. Blair, K., Shaywitz, J., Smith, B. W., Rhodes, R., Geraci, M. R. N., and Jones, M. (2008). Response to emotional expressions in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence for separate disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1193-1202. Clark, D.M., Layard, R., Smithies, R., Richards, D.A., Suckling, R., and Wright, B. (2009). Improving access to psychological therapy: Initial evaluation of two UK demonstration sites. Behaviour Research and Therapy,  47 (11),  910-920. Elkin, I. (1994). The NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. In A. E. Bergin S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behaviour Change (4th ed.), 114-142. New York: Wiley. Ellis, A. (1977). The Basic Clinical Theory of Rational-Emotive Therapy. In A. Ellis and R. Grieger (Eds.), Handbook of Rational-Emotive Therapy. New York: Springer. Foa, E. B., and Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20–35. Greenberg, D. and Padesky, C. (1995). Mind Over Mood. New York: Guilford Press. Heimberg, R. G., and Becker, R. E. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia: Basic mechanisms and clinical strategies. New York: Guilford Press. Hauser, J. (2006). Treatments for Social Phobia. Psych Central. Retrieved on July 29, 2011, from http://psychcentral.com/lib/2006/treatments-for-social-phobia/ Horvath, A.O., Del Re, A.C., Flà ¼ckiger, C. (2011).   Evidence-based psychotherapy relationships: Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48 (1), 9-16. Kirsch, I., Montgomery, G., and Sapirstein, G. (1995). Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy: a meta-analysis.   J Consult Clin Psychol, 63, 214-220. Konefal, J.,   and Duncan, R.C. (1998). Social anxiety and training in neurolinguistic programming.  Psychological Reports, 83 (1), 1115-22. Leff, J., Vearnals, S., Brewin, C., Wolff, G., Alexander, B., Asen, E., Dayson, D., Jones, E., Chisholm, D. and Everitt, B. (2000). The London Depression Intervention Trial. Randomised Controlled Trial of Antidepressants v. Couple Therapy in the Treatment and Maintenance of People with Depression Living with a Partner: Clinical Outcome and Costs, British Journal of Psychiatry, 177: 95–100; Erratum, 177: 284. Comment, 178: 181–2. Marmar, C.R., Weiss, D.S., Gaston, L. (1989). Toward the validation of the California Therapeutic Alliance Ratings System. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 46-52. Oldham, J.M., Skodol, A.E., Kellman, H.D., Hyler, S.E., Doidge, N., Rosnick, L., and Gallaher, P.E. (1995). Comorbidity of axis I and axis II disorders. Am J Psychiatry 152, 571–578. Ost, L.G. (1987). Applied relaxation: Description of a coping technique and review of controlled studies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 397–409. Rachman, S. and Hodgson, R. (1974). Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance. Behav. Res. Ther.12, 311-318. Rosenbaum, R. and Horowitz, M.J. (1983). Motivation for psychotherapy: a factorial and conceptual analysis. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 20, 346-354. Tryon, G.S., Winograd, G. (2011). Goal consensus and collaboration. Psychotherapy, 48 (1), 50-57. Vickers, A. and Zollman, C. (2001). Hypnosis and relaxation therapies. Western Journal of Medicine, 175 (4), 269-272.

Common risk factors for cancer

Common risk factors for cancer The most common risk factors for cancer are heredity, where it is passed down from generation to generation; age, which can be targeted to several different age groups; race, which is targeted to specific individuals within a heritage group; and the unknown.Heredity transfer does increase the risk for these type of cancers which include but are not limited to testicular, colon, breast (although very rare), ovarian, and prostate. If there is a history of these types of cancers in the family all precautions should be taken to prevent or catch the disease early in the stage. Therefore, testing should be completed on an annual basis.Age can also be a factor with several different types of cancer which can be but are not limited to colon, rectal, stomach, breast and kidney which is targeted at the 50 and over generations. Prostate cancer is targeted at the 65 and older generation.English: Relative survival of invasive epithelial ...Uterine or Endometrial cancer usually occurs after age 55 but has been seen as young as 14 in women. Pancreatic cancer in men and ovarian cancer is most seen in women over 60; and oral cancer after age 40 and is most dominant with men. The younger generations aged 20-35 are highly at risk for testicular cancer. Multiple myeloma is diagnosed as early as 70 years old.Race and/or sex also play a role in cancer traits. But cancers that can be somewhat controlled are the cancers that can be prevented with healthy diets, no smoking or tobacco chewing, one sex partner, and sun radiation protection are just a few behaviors that can be changed or modified to decrease the risk of be inflicting with cancer.

The Reforms of Peter the Great Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Reforms of Peter the Great - Essay Example According to Thomas Riha, he was one of the few leaders in the empire who had â€Å"†¦ the imagination and ability to offer outstanding personal leadership† (498). He instituted radical reforms in the country’s education military, local government and church by reorganizing his army in line with western standards, creating a navy secularizing the education sector as well and exercising greater control of the reactionary Orthodox Church compared to any of his predecessors. In summary, his foreign policy was aggressive considering that he, â€Å"...acquired territory in Estonia, Latvia and Finland and through several wars with Turkey in the south† (â€Å"Peter the Great biography†). This paper is an examination of the reforms made by Peter the great, their effects, and the significance they had on Russia. In an attempt to weaken the powers of the provincial government which he considered a threat, Peter allowed the towns to elect their own officials who would be charged with collection of revenue and simulation of trade, the real power behind the local government was Ratusha based in Moscow. In 1702, an elective board that replaced the old system of elected sheriffs governed towns, moreover, in 1724; he changed the system so that local governments could have a quasi-aristocracy of sorts where towns could be self-governed under guilds of elected well off citizens. Nonetheless, these reforms were considerably difficult to implement, practice since local property owners and the provincial governor had immense influence, and their hold on local affairs was extremely difficult to break. Provincial government was divided into eight Guberniia, which were headed by a Gubnator who had absolute power from within the guberniia that were divided into districts known as Uzeda, which by 1718 the increased by twelve in number. Peter considering the forty Provintsiia, in order to consolidate his power he ensured the Gubnators despite their local autonomy were directly answerable to him. In this case, there were forty departments to carry out his orders, however, since not all of them had predefined functions their duties would sometimes overspill into each other creating inefficiency and an allowance for corruption. Peter’s centralized government policy was evident in that â€Å"†¦each of the provinces was ruled by an appointed governor† (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 259). This meant that the governors exercised power at his pleasure, hence were fully loyal to him. Peter’s belief in absolutism ensured that the church would no longer retain its semiautonomous status, as he was interested in its control since it was a very wealth institution among other reasons. In addition, he wanted access to these funds, and although he had tried to modernize it, but it had refused to be changed and remained steadfast in its traditional ways. Furthermore, the church had substantial amounts of land, many serfs and oth er â€Å"properties†; consequently, Peter was uncomfortable because it appeared in a way the church was rivaling him. In order to control the church, Peter refused to appoint a leader of the church after Partricah Aldrich died and gradually took over the church integrating it into the state. In the year 1701, it was placed under a government department known as Monastyrskii Prikaz, and they paid the monks

Situation analysis and marketing objectives Assignment

Situation analysis and marketing objectives - Assignment Example TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 2 The following is situation and marketing objectives report aimed at establishing the marketing analysis for IPHONE products. It will provide an insight on the company’s external and internal environment. Additionally, it will seek to establish the SWOT analysis report for the company. The company recent developments are aimed at establishing the best marketing objectives, and it is crucial to find out which are in practice for the needed sustainability. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 1.0Introduction 4 2.0 Analysis of Current Marketing Situation 5 3.0 Situation analysis 6 3.1 The internal environment 6 3.2 The external environment 7 3.3 SWOT analysis 7 Marketing objectives 8 Conclusion 9 1.0 Introduction Marketing analysis is crucial in company valuation processes and provides a ground for new strategies implementation. The IPHONE product is a company whose dealings are propagated mainly on electronic devices. The company has a mission to become a global ent ity in terms of supplying advanced technological devices to other countries as well as quality management strategic implementation. The accomplishment of such a mission is guided by a set of reinstated objectives, which the company has always aspired to achieve. The main objective is to design modern technological tools, including personal computers and other social media devices. They also aspire to accomplish a manufacturing objective for the undersigned media tools. Marketing is also part of their desires, to develop the most modern marketing strategies that would boost their CRM (Customer Relationship Management). Conduction of marketing analysis enables an organization to identify their weak and strong areas. This acts as a guideline for future organizational trends in order to enhance sustainability. It is the desire of every top management in an organization to become the best in order to fit in the modern dynamic world. Situation analysis helps analyze the internal external status of an organization. It is also through this that strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are identified. Marketing objectives define the desired scope of organizational operation as well as organizational mission statements (Lamb et al., 263). The discussion in this paper offers a comprehensive report on marketing analysis for IPHONE product. Situational analysis will give an overview of internal and external environment in addition to SWOT analysis. Marketing objectives are also considered a vital area of discussion, since marketing plays a pivotal role in reaching target consumers. 2.0 Analysis of Current Marketing Situation The current marketing situation is characterized by dealership in a number of computer accessories as well as phone products. The recent times have seen IPHONE venture into innovating new products in the market, with the objective of enhancing its sustainability. The recent years have proved challenging to the company, owing to the rising leve l of competition from companies producing similar products. The recently innovated products include; Software programs that facilitate people purchasing and storing music in their internet provider devices. Additionally, they are major manufacturers of iMacs in addition to Mac Books and iPods. Generally, the company has been able to adopt new social communication devices that are aimed at providing their target customers with the needed information.

Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Human Resources Management - Essay Example Two other key characteristics of HRM, compared to PM, is that the former is proactive, referring to the long term needs and conditions of the organisation, and it is based on the rule that employee performance is related to employee satisfaction (Pravin 2010, p.12). In opposition, PM addresses only current organisational needs, ‘being reactive in nature’ (Pravin 2010, p.12). Also, PM is ‘employee-centered focusing on existing employee workforce’ (Pravin 2010, p.12). The development of the workforce, in terms of hiring of new employees but also in terms of training of existing employees, is not among the priorities of PM. In Marks and Spencer emphasis is given not only on existing workforce but, mostly, on the continuous development of workforce so that organisational needs, which tend to change continuously, to be addressed (Marks and Spencer 2012). From this point of view, it could be noted that Marks and Spencer is a proactive organisation, promoting emplo yee strategies that aim to respond not only to current but also to future organisational needs (Marks and Spencer 2012). ... is given on contracts of employment where in HRM effort is made so that the communication between the HRM and the employee to be developed out of contracts, b) from the same point of view, in PM following strictly the rules is critical, while no such trend appears in the HRM, while emphasis is given rather on keeping communication and collaboration in the organization at high levels, c) moreover, PM practices are strictly aligned with the organizational practices while for HRM it is more important to follow the organization’s values, which are often ignored in practice, d) in PM the close monitoring of employees’ performance is quite important while in HRM a trend of nurturing employees seems to be promoted; this trend means that employees are offered the chance to review their thoughts and behaviour within the organization so that they are able to respond more effectively to the demands of the tasks assigned to them. P2. Usually, the activities incorporated in HRM aim to support different needs of both the organisation and the employees. For example, reference can be made to the hiring process. This process needs to be carefully designed so that it is effective, leading to the selection of employees that can respond to particular demands of the organisation. The selection process can help an organisation to achieve its goals in the following way: by choosing appropriate staff, managers can secure the successful completion of organisational tasks (DeCenzo and Robbins 2007); in this way, the achievement of organisational goals can be guaranteed. Moreover, payroll, which is also a HRM activity, needs to be fair, so that conflicts within the organisation are avoided. At the same time, payroll needs to be based on the organisation’s performance and future prospects,

Employment Story Essay Example for Free

Employment Story Essay I first joined the army in 1996 and have been part of what most soldiers probably considers as the most important unit of any command, the Food Supply Unit. My battlefield is the kitchen where I rose from the ranks where my army soldier rank promotions became commensurate to my rise in the kitchen ranks. When I became Private First Class in 98, I also earned the title of First Cook. 2001 saw me become a Staff Sergeant on the field and a Senior First Cook in the Mess Kitchen. Currently, I am now Sergeant First Class and serving as the Dining Facility Manager as well. Being a Dining Facility Manager is not an easy job. I have to know how to manage twenty-five people and multi task between meal planning, cooking, and food distribution at base camp and on the field. Sometimes, it can turn into a real headache, especially when I have to accomplish the job in a war zone situation. I have done everything from planning meal drops to soldiers on the field, preparing the commanding officers meals, and when unavoidable, I can plan wedding receptions for my comrades who get married on base camp as well. I believe that I have served both my country and my fellow soldiers well. Together with my unit, I have done duty on two peace keeping missions as well as served in the war. I know that a soldier cannot fight on an empty stomach that is why my priority on the battle field is to make sure that all the units are well fed regardless of the combat situation. When somebody offers me a new job, I always tell that person the story about how I got to combine my two passions in the world into one very important job. Ive always been a patriot and a cook at heart. Working in the army has allowed me to live my dream job. That is to serve and protect my country and the free world while cooking up a storm and learning new recipes while serving on the field.

Republican Plan Should be Vetoed :: Economy Economics Papers

Republican Plan Should be Vetoed I believe that the Republican plan should be vetoed. I am against the resolution for the following reasons. One, the debt is too high as is, and cuts in smaller programs will not dent this tremendous debt. Also, I believe that it is a concern to the economy. In the following paragraphs, I will elaborate. The national debt was 4.9 trillion dollars. This is definitely an unimaginable number for anyone to fathom. To add to this, it was recently passed to raise the limit of the debt to 4.967 trillion dollars, just so the government would have enough to stay in operation. This country is not in constant threat of wars anymore, therefore, I don't see the reason why the national defense should remain high. To my recollection, the U.S. spends more on defense, than anything else. This should be the program to get cut, and not a program beneficial to society such as Medicare or welfare. We need to turn away from funding the nuclear missile to save this country some money One last point on this section, education does NOT need to be touchedby federal cuts, unless the republicans enjoy being the least educated developed country in the world. The reason I believe that the debt is an issue to the economy is as follows. It's the word called inflation. As the debt increses, inflation increases as well. Plus, with the raise on the debt limit, I fear there will be yet another increase in inflation. Cutting the small programs would decrease inflation, but it would happen at a slow rate. At the beginning after all the cuts take place, people would fear spending and would increase savings. All, this would do is to stop the program of decreasing the debt. If, on the other hand. defense was cut, and money programs for Medicare, welfare and education were left alone, I believe that people would increase their spending to a point of slightly decreasing inflation as well, thus stimulating the

Student Athletes Should Not Be Paid Essay -- College Sports

Student Athletes Should Not Be Paid In the world of college athletics there are endless topics discussed daily and most pertain to money. An issue that falls under this category includes the heated debate involving whether or not student athletes should receive money. Many people say student athletes should receive compensation according to their specific needs because they spend so much time earning their scholarship and have no time to work. On the other hand, the stronger argument is student athletes should not be able to acquire additional funds in order to help aid them through college. An athlete knows what he or she is involving themselves in before any money issue is even brought up. Signing a letter of intent shows that they understand this. But people still feel the opportunity to work a job while competing in a sport is virtually non existent in a division one atmosphere, and therefore athletes need money. When looking at all angles, those that feel athletes should be paid usually have the same arguments. They think because athletes have minimal free time and a lot of the school’s revenue is produced by them, this qualifies athletes to a portion of money. For instance, football and men’s basketball have proven over the years to make the most money for most universities. In fact â€Å"Since 1965, the NCAA increased its revenue by 8000 percent and CBS signed a contract through the year, 2002, for $72 million to cover the NCAA tournament. (â€Å"For Years† par. 5) With these kinds of numbers produced by college athletes many suggest they need to receive a little back. It’s a reasonable thought since athletes are responsible for such an enormous amount of cash flow. The NCAA is often compared to a business and a bu... ...a university and playing a sport at the same time was supposed to be easy or profitable. If a law was to pass regarding college athletes receiving money many things would be different in the future. A major concern involves recruiting. Universities allowed to pay players would be able to buy recruits persuading them to attend the school offering the most money. It’s almost like a free agent in professional sports. Attending the school with the most to offer decreases the likelihood of a fair playing ground for all of college athletics. As a result certain schools would be major powerhouses and it would stay this way forever. Although there are some schools considered powerhouses now, the odds of a school with complete domination would be much more likely. Overall if student athletes begin to get paid, collegiate sports will become corrupted.